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MONTREAL -- The World Anti-Doping Agency has detailed serious failings of doping control management at the Rio de Janeiro Olympics, saying the system was only saved from collapsing by the enormous resourcefulness and goodwill of some key staff.In a 55-page report from its Independent Observer team led by British lawyer Jonathan Taylor, WADA said the logistical issues which put a strain on the testing process were foreseeable and entirely avoidable during the games in August.The report blamed a lack of coordination, budget cutbacks, tension between the local organizing committee and Brazils anti-doping agency, and inadequate training for the problems that included days at the Athletes Village when only half of the planned out-of-competition samples could be collected.The aggregate effect was to strain the basic sample collection process at competition venues and in the Athletes Village close to breaking point, with many discrepancies observed in the sample collection procedure, the report said. Ultimately, it was only due to the enormous resourcefulness and goodwill of some key doping control personnel working at the Games that the process did not break down entirely.Due to their initiative, tenacity and professionalism in the face of great difficulties, the many problems identified above were patched over and sample collection was conducted in a manner that ensured the identity and integrity of the samples.Doping was heavily in the spotlight in the months leading up to the Rio Games, with allegations of state-sponsored doping in Russia leading to sanctions against some Russian athletes and the retesting of 840 samples from the 2008 and 2012 Olympics barring dozens of other athletes from competing in Brazil.WADA said the role of its Independent Observer Team is to help instill confidence in athletes and the public as to the quality, effectiveness and reliability of the anti-doping program for the Olympics, and to make recommendations for improvements.Many of the recommendations related to training and treatment of volunteers, proper attention to rosters and protocol, more lead-time for doping control officers in the venues and better logistics and equipment to locate athletes for out-of-competition testing.Ultimately, many athletes targeted for testing in the Athletes Village simply could not be found and the mission had to be aborted, the report said. On some days, up to 50 per cent of planned target tests were aborted in this way.Poor planning, transport issues and a lack of catering for chaperones resulted in a higher-than-expected rates of absences, adding to the burden on doping control officers and other delegates.A total of 3,237 athletes from 137 countries were tested during the games, representing 28.6 percent of the 11,303 athletes who participated. Of those, 2,611 -- or 23.1 percent -- were tested once, 527 were tested twice, 81 were tested three times and one was tested six times.Some problems outlined by WADAs observers:- There were almost 500 fewer tests conducted than organizers had planned during the games. The samples taken included 4,037 urine tests, 411 blood tests and 434 blood plus ABP or ABP blood tests for a total of 4,882, significantly short of the 5,380 targeted.- Data entry errors led to nearly 100 samples analyzed by the anti-doping laboratory not being matched to an athlete. WADA said about 40 percent of those were because of the recording of an incorrect bottle code in the computer system, but noted that Rio 2016 assisted the IOC in correcting the errors so the samples could be matched to athletes and their testing histories could be updated.- The expected daily maximum of 350 urine samples was never reached during the games. The highest daily total was 307 on Aug. 11, but on the majority of days, fewer than 200 urine samples were received.- There was no out-of-competition testing conducted in soccer, and little or no in-competition blood testing in some high risk-sports, including weightlifting.- Blood testing sections were underutilized, with some shifts at the laboratory having no blood samples to analyze at the beginning of the games.As a result ... full analytical capacity was not exploited, which is disappointing, given that the latest equipment and best experts in the world were available, the report said.On a positive note, WADA commended the International Olympic Committee for embracing new advances in the fight against doping, including the creation of the Pre-Games Intelligence Taskforce, which reported on July 24 that 4,125 of the 11,470 athletes on the entrants list for the Games had no record of any testing in 2016, including 1,913 from sports identified as higher risk.WADA also said the Brazilian anti-doping laboratory was superbly equipped and operated very securely and generally very efficiently, and now represents an outstanding legacy from the Games for the anti-doping movement in South America. 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